Program Operator: Smart EPD®www.smartepd.comEnvironmental Product DeclarationIN ACCORDANCE WITH ISO 14025 AND EN 15804+A2SmartEPD-2025-001-0554-01Top 100 - 3-layer GlassDate of IssueJul 28, 2025Expiration dateJul 28, 2030Last updatedJul 28, 2025Refer to the EPD Library at www.smartepd.com for the latest EPD listing information
Top 100 - 3-layer GlassVELUXGeneral Information VELUX Ådalsvej 99, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark+45 45164000birthe.kjeldsen@velux.comvelux.comProduct Name:Top 100 - 3-layer GlassDeclared Unit:1 m2 of a window ≤ 2,3 m² (reference dimensions according to EN 17213: 1,23 m × 1,48 m) Declaration Number:SmartEPD-2025-001-0554-01Date of Issue:July 28, 2025Expiration:July 28, 2030Last updated:July 28, 2025EPD Scope:Cradle to gate with other optionsA1 - A3, A4, A5, C1 - C4, D Market(s) of Applicability:EuropeGeneral Organization InformationVELUX is a Danish manufacturing company that specializes in roof windows, skylights, sun tunnels and related accessories. The company is headquartered in Hrsholm, Denmark and is a part of VKR Holding A/S. VELUX Group is a founding partner of the global Active House Alliance.Further information can be found at:https://www.velux.comLimitations, Liability, and OwnershipEnvironmental declarations from different programs (ISO 14025) may not be comparable. Comparison of the environmental performance of products using EPD information shall be based on the product’s use and impacts at the building level, and therefore EPDs may not be used for comparability purposes when not considering the whole building life cycle. EPD comparability is only possible when all stages of a life cycle have been considered. However, variations and deviations are possible. Example of variations: Different LCA software and background LCI datasets may lead to differences results for upstream or downstream of the life cycle stages declared. The EPD owner has sole ownership, liability, and responsibility for the EPD.Reference StandardsStandard(s):ISO 14025 and EN 15804+A2Core PCR:IBU PCR for Building-Related Products and Services Part A v1.4 v.1.4Date of issue: April 15, 2024Sub-category PCR:IBU Part B: Requirements on the EPD for Windows and Doors v.1.0/1.7/1.4Date of issue: January 25, 2021Valid until: January 25, 2026Page 2 / 13
Top 100 - 3-layer GlassVELUXSub-category PCR review panel:Contact Smart EPD for more information.General Program Instructions:Smart EPD General Program Instructions v.1.0, November 2022Verification InformationLCA Author/Creator:Juan David Villegasjuan@parqhq.comEPD Program Operator:Smart EPDinfo@smartepd.comwww.smartepd.com585 Grove St., Ste. 145 PMB 966, Herndon, VA 20170, USAVerification:Independent critical review of the LCA and data, according to ISO 14044 and ISO 14071:ExternalRifat KarimIndependent Consultantrifat.chimique@gmail.comIndependent external verification of EPD, according to ISO 14025 and reference PCR(s):ExternalRifat KarimIndependent Consultantrifat.chimique@gmail.comProduct InformationDeclared Unit:1 m2 of a window ≤ 2,3 m² (reference dimensions according to EN 17213: 1,23 m × 1,48 m) Mass:70.7802 kgReference Service Life:30 YearsProduct Specificity:Product AverageProduct SpecificProduct DescriptionThe VELUX Top100Glass is a premium flatroof window suitable for roof pitches between 015 (minimum incline ~3), featuring a sleek flushmount, powdercoated aluminium frame (standard RAL9005) with insulated metal or GFK curbs, and a highperformance double-glazed unit (lowE, warmedge spacer, laminated/toughened layers) that achieves Ug-values around 0.5W/m2K and sound reduction up to 45dB; it comes in ten standard sizes, is permanently fallthrough safe per DIN180086, and is available in fixed, comfortvent (230V/300mm chain), or smokevent (24V/500mm chain) versions, making it an ideal, low-maintenance daylight and ventilation solution for commercial, public, and industrial buildingsFurther information can be found at:https://commercial.velux.de/produkte/lichtkuppeln-und-flachdachfenster/top-100-glassProduct SpecificationsProduct Classification Codes:EC3 - Openings -> TranslucentWallAndRoofAssembliesPage 3 / 13
Top 100 - 3-layer GlassVELUXMaterial CompositionMaterial/Component CategoryOrigin% MassBlind rivets, nuts , screws, platesLTU, DNK0.48Gaskets, washersNLD, DNK, DEU1.18GlazingLTU92.61Profiles, support brackets, tubes and stripsDNK, BEL5.73Packaging MaterialOriginkg MassCardboard 0.11Pallet 0.07Plastic cover 0.57Biogenic Carbon Contentkg C per m2Biogenic carbon content in productNoneBiogenic carbon content in accompanying packaging0.09Hazardous MaterialsNo regulated hazardous or dangerous substances are included in this product.EPD Data SpecificityPrimary Data Year:Jan 1, 2024 - Dec 31, 2025Manufacturing Specificity:Industry AverageManufacturer AverageFacility SpecificAveraging:Averaging was not conducted for this EPDPage 4 / 13
Top 100 - 3-layer GlassVELUXSystem BoundaryProductionA1Raw material supplyA2TransportA3ManufacturingConstructionA4Transport to siteA5Assembly / InstallUseB1UseNDB2MaintenanceNDB3RepairNDB4ReplacementNDB5RefurbishmentNDB6Operational Energy UseNDB7Operational Water UseNDEnd of LifeC1DeconstructionC2TransportC3Waste ProcessingC4DisposalBenefits & Loads Beyond System BoundaryDRecycling, Reuse Recovery PotentialPlantsHüllhorst, DEWeidehorst 28, 32609Opmeer, NLDe Veken 308, 1716 KJPage 5 / 13
Top 100 - 3-layer GlassVELUXProduct Flow DiagramVELUX product manufacturing begins when flap profile parts, uncut glazing, aluminum or plastic profiles, vertical end pieces, and other small components such as screws and gaskets are bent, cut, welded, and assembled into complete flaps and skylight systems. If needed, extra components like DSL grids and electronic parts for home-automation systems are custom-cut and assembled to specification. Once manufacturing is finished, products are delivered to distribution centers and then transported to the end user by truck.Software and DatabaseLCA Software:SimaPro v. 9.5LCI Foreground Database(s):Ecoinvent v. 3.9.1LCI Background Database(s):Ecoinvent v. 3.9.1Data QualityPage 6 / 13
Top 100 - 3-layer GlassVELUXPrecision & Completeness• Precision: Inventory data were directly measured, calculated, or conservatively estimated from primary sources using consistent units and QA checks. Background processes from ecoinvent v3 were adopted with their documented uncertainty/precision metadata where available, preserving a transparent record of data quality.• Completeness: The product system's mass balance and inventory completeness were thoroughly checked. Some exclusions were made in line with the PCR requirements, such as personnel impacts, R&D activities, business travel, and point-of-sale infrastructure. However, no data were intentionally omitted.Consistency and Reproducibility• Consistency: Primary data for all modules were consistently gathered aiming at the highest level of detail possible. Background processes were modeled mainly with the ecoinvent database. The same allocation rules, cut-off criteria, and impact assessment methods were applied throughout, ensuring methodological coherence and consistent data quality across the entire LCA model.• Reproducibility: This study ensures reproducibility by providing comprehensive disclosure of inputoutput data, dataset choices, and modeling approaches. A knowledgeable third party should be able to approximate the results using the same data and modeling methods.Representativeness• Temporal: Primary data were collected for a 12-month period representing the 2024 calendar year to ensure the representativeness of post-consumer content. Secondary data from the ecoinvent v3 database are typically representative of recent years.• Geographical: Primary data represent VELUX's production facilities. Where applicable, differences in electric grid mix were considered using appropriate secondary data. The use of country-specific data ensures high geographical representativeness, and proxy data were only used when country-specific data were unavailable.• Technological: Both primary and secondary data were tailored to the specific technologies studied, ensuring high technological representativeness.Life Cycle Module DescriptionsModules A1A3: The LCA model covers the manufacture of raw materials and components for VELUX products (A1) which are then transported to VELUX facilities by truck (A2). The manufacturing stage (A3) begins with receipt of these materials, which are bent, cut, welded, and assembled into finished flaps and skylight systems. When required, additional parts like DSL grids and electronic components for home-automation systems are custom-cut and assembled to order.Modules A4A5: Once manufacture is completed, products are shipped to distribution centers and then to the end user by truck (A4). For installation (A5), a 3% material installation loss was assumed. This module includes disposal of that waste and of the product packaging.Modules C1C4 and D: At end of life (C1C4), the product is assumed to be collected, and each waste stream (e.g., aluminum, glass, PVC) is handled separatelylandfilled, recycled, or incinerated with energy recovery. Loads and benefits beyond the system boundary are considered in Module D (e.g., displacement of virgin materials and electricity).LCA DiscussionAllocation ProcedureAllocation of co-products was avoided, to the extent possible, based on the guidance given in ISO 14044:2006, 4.3, and in EN 15804+A2:2019. Energy use at the facility level was allocated by the amount of product produced. The manufacturing process does not consume water or generate wastewater or air emissions, other than those from fuel combustion. Solid waste was estimated using packaging masses and material losses and allocated following the polluter pays principle.Cut-off ProcedureThe system boundary was defined based on relevance to the goal of the study. For the raw material (A1) and process related inputs (A3), all available energy and material flow data have been included in the model.Page 7 / 13
Top 100 - 3-layer GlassVELUXRenewable ElectricityEnergy Attribute Certificates (EACs) such as Re-newable Energy Certificates (RECs) or Power Pur-chase Agreements (PPAs) are included in the baseline reported results:NoScenariosTransport to the building/construction site (A4)A4 ModuleFuel Type:DieselVehicle Type:Truck and TrailerTransport Distance:277 kmCapacity Utilization:33 %Packaging Mass:0.751 kgWeight of products transported:71.53 kgCapacity utilization volume factor:1Assumptions for scenario development:Transport distance includes finished product to distribution center and distribution center to point of sale.Installation in to the building/construction site (A5)A5 ModuleInstallation Scrap Rate Assumed:3 %Product Lost per Declared/Functional Unit:2.123 kgMass of Packaging Waste Specified by Type:0.751 kgBiogenic Carbon Contained in Packaging:0.08649 kgAssumptions for scenario development: End of Life (C1 - C4)C1 - C4 ModulesCollection ProcessCollected with Mixed Construction Waste:70.78 kgRecoveryRecycling:23.81 kgLandfill:46.17 kgIncineration:0.8062 kgReuse, Recovery and / or Recycling Potentials & Relevant Scenario Information (D)Page 8 / 13
Top 100 - 3-layer GlassVELUXD ModuleRecycling Rate of Product:0.3363 %Recycled Content of Product:0.2263 %Net Energy Benefit from Material Flow Declared in C3 for Energy Recovery:105.6 MJFurther assumptions for scenario development:Energy recovery from incineration assumes 18% electrical efficiency and 31% thermalResultsEnvironmental Impact Assessment ResultsEF 3.1per 1 m2 of product of a window ≤ 2,3 m² (reference dimensions according to EN 17213: 1,23 m × 1,48 m) .LCIA results are relative expressions and do not predict impacts on category endpoints, the exceeding of thresholds, safety margins or risks.Impact CategoryMethodUnitA1A2A3A4A5C1C2C3C4DGWP-totalEF 3.1kg CO2 eq1.14e+22.78e-24.69e+005.94e-11.77e+01.32e-1-3.31e+1GWP-biogenicEF 3.1kg CO2 eq8.89e-12.21e-51.42e-104.74e-41.38e-42.96e-53.30e-1GWP-fossilEF 3.1kg CO2 eq1.13e+22.77e-24.54e+005.94e-11.77e+01.32e-1-3.34e+1GWP-lulucEF 3.1kg CO2 eq6.47e-21.35e-51.96e-302.90e-41.40e-51.57e-5-2.66e-2ODPEF 3.1kg CFC11 eq4.02e-66.30e-101.23e-701.35e-81.84e-91.99e-9-1.28e-6APEF 3.1mol H+ eq8.33e-16.87e-52.54e-201.47e-34.08e-41.19e-3-2.72e-1EP-freshwaterEF 3.1kg P eq1.89e-22.05e-65.72e-404.38e-55.41e-66.71e-6-7.05e-3EP-marineEF 3.1kg N eq1.44e-11.87e-54.51e-304.00e-42.32e-45.35e-4-4.43e-2EP-terrestrialEF 3.1mol N eq1.67e+01.92e-45.17e-204.11e-31.98e-35.82e-3-5.28e-1POCPEF 3.1kg NMVOC eq5.14e-11.12e-41.59e-202.40e-35.00e-41.75e-3-1.58e-1ADP-minerals&metalsEF 3.1kg Sb eq7.45e-47.76e-82.25e-501.66e-68.73e-84.73e-8-1.50e-4ADP-fossilEF 3.1MJ1.42e+34.21e-14.34e+109.01e+03.43e-11.69e+0-3.81e+2WDPEF 3.1m3 depriv.2.68e+12.01e-38.57e-104.30e-27.95e-23.77e-3-5.65e+0Note:Not all abbreviated indicators listed below may be present in the results above. The inclusion of indicators varies based on PCR requirements.Abbreviations:GWP = Global Warming Potential, 100 years (may also be denoted as GWP-total, GWP-fossil (fossil fuels), GWP-biogenic (biogenic sources), GWP-luluc (land use and land use change)), ODP = Ozone Depletion Potential, AP = Acidification Potential, EP = Eutrophication Potential, SFP = Smog Formation Potential, POCP = Photochemical oxidant creation potential, ADP-Fossil = Abiotic depletion potential for fossil resources, ADP-Minerals&Metals = Abiotic depletion potential for non-fossil resources, WDP = Water deprivation potential, PM = Particular Matter Emissions, IRP = Ionizing radiation, human health, ETP-fw = Eco-toxicity (freshwater), HTP-c = Human toxicity (cancer), HTP-nc = Human toxicity (non-cancer), SQP = Soil quality index.Comparisons cannot be made between product-specific or industry average EPDs at the design stage of a project, before a building has been specified. Comparisons may be made between product-specific or industry average EPDs at the time of product purchase when product performance and specifications have been established and serve as a functional unit for comparison. Environmental impact results shall be converted to a functional unit basis before any comparison is attempted. Any comparison of EPDs shall be subject to the requirements of ISO 21930 or EN 15804. EPDs are not comparative assertions and are either not comparable or have limited comparability when they have different system boundaries. EPDs are not comparative assertions and are either not comparable or have limited comparability when they have different system boundaries, are based on different product category rules or are missing relevant environmental impacts. Such comparison can be inaccurate, and could lead to erroneous selection of materials or products which are higher-impact, at least in some impact categories.Page 9 / 13
Top 100 - 3-layer GlassVELUXResource Use Indicatorsper 1 m2 of product of a window ≤ 2,3 m² (reference dimensions according to EN 17213: 1,23 m × 1,48 m) .IndicatorUnitA1A2A3A4A5C1C2C3C4DPEREMJ8.65e+16.16e-32.61e+001.32e-11.37e-21.40e-2-2.83e+1PERMMJ00000000PERTMJ8.65e+16.16e-32.61e+001.32e-11.37e-21.40e-2-2.83e+1PENREMJ1.42e+34.21e-14.34e+109.01e+03.43e-11.69e+0-3.81e+2PENRMMJ2.92e-11.78e-58.80e-303.80e-41.50e-51.98e-5-6.76e-2PENRTMJ1.42e+34.21e-14.34e+109.01e+03.43e-11.69e+0-3.81e+2SMkg00000000RSFMJ00000000NRSFMJ00000000FWm37.53e-15.71e-52.43e-201.22e-32.51e-39.07e-5-1.77e-1Note:Not all abbreviated indicators listed below may be present in the results above. The inclusion of indicators varies based on PCR requirements.Abbreviations:RPRE or PERE = Renewable primary resources used as energy carrier (fuel), RPRM or PERM = Renewable primary resources with energy content used as material, RPRT or PERT = Total use of renewable primary resources with energy content, NRPRE or PENRE = Non-renewable primary resources used as an energy carrier (fuel), NRPRM or PENRM = Non-renewable primary resources with energy content used as material, NRPRT or PENRT = Total non-renewable primary resources with energy content, SM = Secondary materials, RSF = Renewable secondary fuels, NRSF = Non-renewable secondary fuels, RE = Recovered energy, ADPF = Abiotic depletion potential, FW = Use of net freshwater resources, VOCs = Volatile Organic Compounds.Waste and Output Flow Indicatorsper 1 m2 of product of a window ≤ 2,3 m² (reference dimensions according to EN 17213: 1,23 m × 1,48 m) .IndicatorUnitA1A2A3A4A5C1C2C3C4DHWDkg00000000NHWDkg5.93e-101.52e+00004.62e+10RWDkg1.42e-31.28e-74.30e-502.75e-61.70e-71.99e-7-3.65e-4CRUkg00000000MFRkg3.39e-108.27e-10002.38e+1-2.46e+1MERkg9.86e-105.85e-1008.06e-10-1.36e+0Note:Not all abbreviated indicators listed below may be present in the results above. The inclusion of indicators varies based on PCR requirements.Abbreviations:HWD = Hazardous waste disposed, NHWD = Non-hazardous waste disposed, RWD = Radioactive waste disposed, HLRW = High-level radioactive waste, ILLRW = Intermediate- and low-level radioactive waste, CRU = Components for re-use, MFR or MR = Materials for recycling, MER = Materials for energy recovery, MNER = Materials for incineration, no energy recovery, EE or EEE = Recovered energy exported from the product system, EET = Exported thermal energy.Page 10 / 13
Top 100 - 3-layer GlassVELUXCarbon Emissions and Removalsper 1 m2 of product of a window ≤ 2,3 m² (reference dimensions according to EN 17213: 1,23 m × 1,48 m) .IndicatorUnitA1A2A3A4A5C1C2C3C4DBio Carbon Removal from Productkg C00000000Bio Carbon Emission from Productkg C00000000Bio Carbon Removal from Packagingkg C-1.31e-10000000Bio Carbon Emission from Packagingkg C4.49e-208.65e-200000Bio Carbon Emission from Waste during Manufac-turing (renewable source)kg C00000000Calcination Carbon Re-movalkg C00000000Carbonation Carbon Emissionkg C00000000Carbon Emission from Waste during Manu-facturing (non-renewable source)kg C00000000Note:Not all abbreviated indicators listed below may be present in the results above. The inclusion of indicators varies based on PCR requirements.Abbreviations:BCRP = Biogenic Carbon Removal from Product, BCEP = Biogenic Carbon Emission from Product, BCRK = Biogenic Carbon Removal from Packaging, BCEK = Biogenic Carbon Emission from Packaging, BCEW = Biogenic Carbon Emission from Combustion of Waste from Renewable Sources Used in Production Processes, CCE = Calcination Carbon Emissions, CCR = Carbonation Carbon Removals, CWNR = Carbon Emissions from Combustion of Waste from Non-Renewable Sources used in Production Processes, GWP-luc = Carbon Emissions from Land-use Change.Interpretation• The manufacturing of the products in this analysis involves the direct procurement of raw materials from suppliers. These materials are then transported to manufacturing facilities in the EU where they are stored, processed, and combined to produce finished products. Notably, the product stage (stage 1) has the highest impact contribution, mainly attributed to the combined environmental impacts associated with raw material manufacturing and energy used in manufacturing the products.• For products with significant manufacturing energy impacts, the shift to renewable energy sources is recommended.• Given that the raw materials used in product manufacturing have a significant impact, exploration of opportunities to substitute these materials with alternatives that have a lower environmental impact. Additionally, consideration should be given to collaborating with suppliers who employ sustainable manufacturing techniques or integrate more renewable energy into their production processes. Such initiatives can lead to more environmentally friendly products and further enhance the sustainability of the products in this analysis.Page 11 / 13
Top 100 - 3-layer GlassVELUX0%20%40%60%80%100%GWP-totalGWP-biogenicGWP-fossilGWP-lulucODPAPEP-freshwaterEP-marineEP-terrestrialPOCPADP-minerals&metalsADP-fossilWDPProduction (A1 - A3)Construction (A4 - A5)End of Life (C1 - C4)Additional Environmental InformationNoneFurther InformationNameUnitValueHeat transfer coefficient glass acc. to EN 674 / EN 675W/(m²K)0.5Heat transfer coefficient window acc. to EN 674 / EN 675W/(m²K)~1.0Total energy transmittance%50Joint permeability coefficient acc. to EN 1026m³/mh< 2.6Water tightness acc. EN 12208 unprotected / pro-tectedclassE1200Deflection as a result of wind loads acc. to EN 12211mm< L/300Mounting type (sealing system)–Prefabricated metal/GRP insulated upstandNoise protection against external noise acc. DIN EN ISO 10140 and DIN EN ISO 717dB~38Air permeability acc. EN 12207classClass 4Resistance against wind loads acc. DIN EN 12211mmC5Radiation properties acc. EN 410 or 13363�1 and �2: Total energy transmittance g%50Radiation properties EN 410 or 13363�1 and �2: Light transmisson level rv%73Reaction to fireclassB-s1,d0References• Institut Bauen und Umwelt e.V. (IBU). (2021). General Programme Instructions for the IBU EPD Programme Part A: Calculation Rules for the LifeCycle Assessment and Requirements on the Background Report. Version 2.0, 01032021. Berlin: IBU. Page 12 / 13
Top 100 - 3-layer GlassVELUX• Institut Bauen und Umwelt e.V. (IBU). (2021). Product Category Rules for Construction Products Part B: Requirements on the EPD for Windows and Doors. Version 1.7, 082021. Berlin: IBU.• European Committee for Standardization (CEN). (2019). EN 15804:2012+A2:2019 Sustainability of construction works Environmental product declarations Core rules for the product category of construction products. Brussels: CEN. (Including AC:2021)• International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (2006). ISO 14040:2006 Environmental management Life cycle assessment Principles and framework. Geneva: ISO. (Amendment 1:2020; confirmed current 2022)• International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (2006). ISO 14044:2006 Environmental management Life cycle assessment Requirements and guidelines. Geneva: ISO. (Amendments 1:2017 and 2:2020 included; confirmed current 2022)• International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (2006). ISO 14025:2006 Environmental labels and declarations Type III environmental declarations Principles and procedures. Geneva: ISO• Eurostat. (2024). Circular Economy indicators. Waste management: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/circular-economy/database• Stichting National Environmental Database. (2022). Environmental Performance Assessment Method for Construction Works. version 1.1.• European Committee for Standardization (CEN). (2019). EN 17074:2019 Sustainability of construction works Environmental product declarations Specific core rules for windows and doors. Brussels: CEN.Page 13 / 13
